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Choline is an essential nutrient which is absorbed in the upper small intestine by specific enterocyte transporters via facilitated (Radziejewska and Chmurzynska, 2019), only excessive amounts are metabolized into TMA by the gut microbiota in the colon (Papandreou et al., 2020)

Translation to humans has not been confirmed in large clinical trials

When glycogen stores are not replenished in a timely manner, you may find that you have less energy, and your body will have to pull use nutrients from other sources (such as the amino acids that make up your muscle tissue) to try and provide you with fuel

Among the five members of the FMO family, only FMO1 and FMO3 can oxidize TMA to TMAO in the liver, especially FMO3 (89)